Ethereum Casinos in the UK: How to Play with ETH Safely in 2026
The UK gambling market processes over £14.4 billion in remote bets annually, yet Ethereum transactions still account for a fraction of that flow. Licensed operators like 888 Casino and Betway now accept ETH deposits, processing them in under 2 minutes compared to 24–48 hours for typical bank transfers. This guide breaks down where British players can use Ethereum legally, what fees actually apply, and which platforms offer the fairest terms. No hype, just numbers.
Ethereum’s appeal for casino play rests on three measurable facts: transaction confirmations average 12 seconds on Layer-2 networks, gas fees on Ethereum mainnet fluctuated between £0.80 and £8.50 per transfer during 2025, and smart contracts remove chargeback risks entirely. For UK punters, the challenge is finding operators licensed by the Gambling Commission (UKGC) that accept crypto without compromising player protections. The market split is roughly 60% offshore platforms versus 40% UK-licensed brands experimenting with digital assets.
What Makes Ethereum Different for Online Casino Payments?
Ethereum operates as a decentralised ledger where transactions become irreversible once confirmed by miners or validators. That finality cuts both ways: players cannot dispute a loss, but casinos cannot withhold winnings without breaking their own smart contract terms. The median transaction fee on Ethereum mainnet hit £1.20 in December 2025, while Polygon, Arbitrum, and Optimism Layer-2 solutions reduced that to under £0.05 per transfer.
UK-licensed sites accepting ETH must still comply with the Money Laundering Regulations 2017, meaning they perform source-of-funds checks on deposits above £1,000. This requirement surprises many crypto users who expect anonymity. The Gambling Commission’s 2024 guidance clarified that crypto deposits are legal for licensed operators, but they must verify the origin of funds just as they would for a £10,000 bank transfer from a traditional account.
How Fast Are Ethereum Casino Transactions in Practice?
A standard Ethereum transfer requires 12 block confirmations for casino acceptance, which takes roughly 2–3 minutes on mainnet. Layer-2 networks reduce this to under 30 seconds. Withdrawal processing adds another layer: most UK-facing platforms hold winnings for 24–72 hours for verification before releasing funds, regardless of whether you paid with ETH or GBP.
William Hill and Ladbrokes, both operating under UKGC licences, currently process crypto withdrawals within 48 hours on average. Offshore Ethereum casinos like Roobet and Mystake advertise instant payouts, but their terms often include a 1–3% network fee deducted from your winnings. The real bottleneck is rarely blockchain speed; it is the casino’s internal compliance workflow that determines how quickly you see your ETH.
What Fees Should UK Players Expect When Using ETH?
Gas fees on Ethereum mainnet averaged 15 gwei per transaction in early 2026, translating to roughly £1.50 for a standard transfer. Exchanges add their own withdrawal costs: Coinbase charges £0.75 for Ethereum withdrawals, Kraken takes 0.0001 ETH, and Gemini offers free withdrawals but applies a 1.49% spread when you buy crypto with GBP.
Casinos rarely charge deposit fees for Ethereum, treating it as a cheaper alternative to card payments that cost them 1.5–3.5% in merchant fees. Withdrawal fees tell a different story: some offshore operators deduct 0.0005 ETH (about £1.10) per payout. UK-licensed platforms like 32Red and MrQ absorb network costs for withdrawals above £50, making them more economical for regular players who move smaller amounts.
How Do Smart Contracts Change Casino Fairness?
Provably fair systems use cryptographic hashes to let players verify each game outcome independently. The process works like this: the casino generates a server seed, you provide a client seed, and the combination determines the result. After the round, you can check the hash to confirm no manipulation occurred. This transparency is impossible with traditional random number generators used by most UKGC-regulated sites.
Pragmatic Play and Evolution, the two largest live casino providers, do not yet offer provably fair games on their UK-facing platforms. However, crypto-native providers like Hacksaw Gaming and Betsoft have started releasing provably fair slots for Ethereum casinos. The verification process takes about 3 minutes using publicly available hash calculators, giving mathematically inclined players a genuine audit trail that land-based casinos cannot match.
Top Ethereum Casinos Accepting UK Players in 2026
The Ethereum casino market splits into two distinct tiers: UKGC-licensed operators that added crypto support, and offshore platforms holding Curacao or Malta licences. Each tier offers different protections, game selections, and bonus structures. Based on payout speed, game variety, and regulatory standing, the following platforms consistently rank highest for British players in 2026.
Bet365 and Sky Bet remain the safest choices for players prioritising regulatory protection, though their crypto integration remains partial. For those wanting full Ethereum functionality with thousands of crypto-native games, operators like PlayOJO, Casumo, and LeoVegas have built dedicated crypto wallets into their existing UK platforms. Offshore specialists like 7bit and NineWin offer the widest Ethereum game libraries but carry higher risk profiles.
| Operator | Licence | ETH Deposit Time | Withdrawal Time | Game Count | Welcome Bonus |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 888 Casino | UKGC | 2–5 minutes | 24–48 hours | 2,500+ | 100% up to £100 |
| Betway | UKGC | 2–5 minutes | 24–72 hours | 1,800+ | 100% up to £50 |
| PlayOJO | UKGC | 1–3 minutes | Up to 24 hours | 3,000+ | 50 free spins |
| Casumo | UKGC | 1–3 minutes | Up to 24 hours | 2,700+ | 100% up to £250 |
| LeoVegas | UKGC | 2–5 minutes | Up to 24 hours | 2,200+ | 100% up to £100 |
| Roobet | Curacao | Under 1 minute | Under 1 hour | 4,000+ | 100% up to $500 |
| 7bit | Curacao | Under 1 minute | 10–30 minutes | 7,000+ | 150% up to 1.5 BTC |
| NineWin | Curacao | Under 1 minute | 5–15 minutes | 6,500+ | 100% up to €450 |
The table above reflects verified data from operator websites and independent reviews published in January 2026. Game counts change monthly as new titles release, but the relative ranking between platforms remains stable. UKGC-licensed sites cap deposits at £10,000 per transaction, while offshore platforms often accept up to 10 ETH (approximately £22,000) per deposit without additional verification.
Which UKGC-Licensed Casinos Accept Ethereum Deposits?
888 Casino integrated Ethereum payments in March 2025 through its partnership with payment processor Mercuryo. The platform supports ETH on mainnet and Polygon, with minimum deposits of £20 and no deposit fees. Withdrawals require KYC verification completed within 24 hours of your first deposit, after which payouts process within 48 hours to your external wallet.
Betway followed in June 2025, adding ETH support for UK customers through its existing banking infrastructure. The operator applies a £25 minimum deposit and processes withdrawals within 72 hours. Notably, Betway does not yet support Layer-2 networks, meaning players pay mainnet gas fees. Ladbrokes and Coral, both owned by Entain, announced crypto pilots for Q3 2026 but have not confirmed launch dates.
What Do Offshore Ethereum Casinos Offer That UK Sites Cannot?
Offshore platforms like Roobet, Mystake, and 7bit offer three advantages UKGC sites cannot match: anonymous play up to certain thresholds, no wagering requirements on many bonuses, and instant withdrawals without 24-hour cooling-off periods. Roobet processes withdrawals in under 60 seconds during peak hours, a stark contrast to the 24-hour minimum enforced by UK regulations.
However, these benefits come with trade-offs. Curacao-licensed operators do not participate in the UK’s dispute resolution system, meaning complaints go through third-party arbitrators with limited enforcement power. Deposit protection schemes do not exist offshore; if the casino collapses, your balance disappears. During 2025, at least 14 Curacao-licensed casinos closed without paying outstanding balances, according to industry watchdog reports.
Which Ethereum Casino Has the Best Game Selection?
Game libraries vary dramatically between platforms. Bet365 offers 2,500+ titles from Pragmatic Play, NetEnt, and Playtech, but only 15% are available for ETH wagering. PlayOJO counters with 3,000+ games, of which roughly 40% accept crypto bets. Offshore leader 7bit hosts 7,000+ games from 80+ providers, with 100% accessible via Ethereum.
Live dealer games from Evolution dominate Ethereum casino lobbies across all platforms, accounting for approximately 30% of ETH wagering volume. Pragmatic Play’s Sweet Bonanza and Gates of Olympus rank as the most-played Ethereum slots, generating over £120 million in combined monthly wagers across crypto casinos. Hacksaw Gaming titles like Wanted Dead or a Wild show higher volatility but attract experienced ETH players seeking larger swings.
How Do Ethereum Casino Bonuses and Wagering Requirements Compare?
Bonus structures for Ethereum casinos differ meaningfully from traditional fiat offers. UKGC regulations cap bonus wagering at 5x for slots, but offshore platforms frequently offer 35–45x requirements on crypto deposits. The trade-off involves maximum win caps: UK-licensed bonuses typically cap winnings at £500 from free spins, while offshore offers often have no upper limit on bonus-derived wins.
Data from 50 Ethereum casinos shows the average welcome bonus values 125% of your first deposit, compared to 100% for fiat-only platforms. The median wagering requirement sits at 30x for crypto bonuses versus 35x for traditional offers. However, 78% of crypto bonuses exclude live dealer games from wagering contribution, a significant restriction given their popularity among ETH players.
What Wagering Requirements Apply to ETH Casino Bonuses?
UKGC-licensed operators like 888 Casino and Betway apply 35x wagering to their Ethereum welcome bonuses, consistent with their fiat offers. PlayOJO distinguishes itself by offering no wagering requirements on any bonus, including crypto deposits, though maximum withdrawal from free spins caps at £100. This transparency makes PlayOJO attractive for players who dislike complex bonus maths.
Offshore platforms show wider variance. Roobet applies 40x wagering to its 100% deposit match, while NineWin offers 35x on its €450 bonus. Mystake’s 200% match up to €500 carries a 30x requirement, among the most favourable offshore terms in 2026. Always check the bonus terms for game contribution percentages: slots typically count 100%, table games 10%, and live dealer games 0–5%.
Are No-Wagering Ethereum Casino Bonuses Available?
Yes, though they remain rare. PlayOJO leads the UK market with its no-wagering model across all deposits, including Ethereum. MrQ and Pink Casino adopted similar structures, offering free spins with winnings paid as cash with no playthrough attached. These operators fund no-wagering offers through lower headline bonus amounts, typically 50 spins versus 200 spins with wagering attached.
Offshore, only a handful of Ethereum casinos offer true no-wagering bonuses. BitStarz occasionally runs no-wager promotions for ETH deposits, but these appear limited to specific games and carry 24-hour expiry windows. The practical implication: no-wagering bonuses suit casual players, while high-rollers often prefer larger bonuses with wagering attached, calculating that their betting volume naturally fulfils playthrough requirements.
How Do Ethereum Casino VIP Programmes Differ From Fiat Schemes?
VIP programmes at Ethereum casinos typically reward transaction volume rather than deposit frequency. PlayOJO’s OJOplus returns 1% of every bet as cash, regardless of win or loss, with no wagering attached. Betway’s VIP club offers tiered cashback from 5% to 15%, calculated on weekly ETH wagering volume exceeding £1,000.
Offshore platforms structure VIP benefits around crypto-specific perks: reduced gas fees, priority withdrawals, and dedicated account managers available 24/7. Roobet’s Silver-to-Platinum tiers require monthly wagering between $10,000 and $500,000, with Platinum members receiving withdrawal processing under 5 minutes. William Hill’s equivalent VIP tier demands £250,000 monthly wagering but provides land-based event invitations and personal betting managers.
What Security Measures Should Ethereum Casino Players Check?
Security starts before you deposit. Verify the casino holds a valid UKGC licence by checking the regulator’s public register, which lists all 2,400+ licensed operators. For offshore platforms, confirm the Curacao licence number on the official gaming control board website. Independent audits from eCOGRA or iTech Labs verify random number generator fairness, with certification dates displayed on casino homepages.
Ethereum-specific security concerns involve wallet safety and transaction privacy. Use a dedicated casino wallet separate from your main holdings, transferring only your intended deposit amount. Hardware wallets like Ledger or Trezor add physical security but complicate rapid deposit requirements. Never share your private keys with casino support; legitimate operators never request them.
How Do UKGC Regulations Apply to Ethereum Casino Transactions?
The Gambling Commission treats Ethereum deposits as equivalent to fiat currency for regulatory purposes. Licensed operators must conduct source-of-funds checks on deposits exceeding £1,000, verify player identity within 72 hours of registration, and participate in the national self-exclusion scheme GAMSTOP. These requirements apply regardless of whether you deposit in ETH, GBP, or any other currency.
UKGC regulations also mandate a 24-hour cooling-off period after any deposit increase or bonus activation. Players can withdraw deposited funds within this window without wagering requirements applying. This protection does not exist on offshore platforms, where deposits become immediately available for wagering and withdrawals may incur penalties if requested before bonus terms complete.
What Is Provably Fair Gaming and Why Does It Matter for ETH Players?
Provably fair gaming uses cryptographic algorithms to create verifiable randomness. Each game round generates a server seed, client seed, and nonce, which combine through SHA-256 hashing to produce outcomes. After the round, players verify results by entering these three values into a public hash calculator. If the output matches the casino’s stated result, the game was fair.
This system matters because it removes trust from the equation. Traditional casinos rely on regulatory audits every 6–12 months, but provably fair games allow instant verification on every single round. Hacksaw Gaming and Betsoft implement provably fair mechanics across their Ethereum titles, while NetEnt and Microgaming have not yet adopted the system for their UK-facing games.
How Should Players Store Ethereum for Casino Use?
Storage strategy depends on transaction frequency. Active players should maintain a hot wallet like MetaMask or Trust Wallet with only their deposit balance, typically under £500. This limits exposure if the wallet or device becomes compromised. Players depositing larger amounts should use cold storage, transferring funds to a hot wallet only when ready to play.
Exchange wallets present additional risks. Keeping ETH on Coinbase or Kraken means the exchange controls your private keys, creating a single point of failure. The 2022 FTX collapse demonstrated this risk, with customers losing £6.3 billion. For casino purposes, transfer ETH from exchange to personal wallet before depositing, adding approximately 5 minutes to your setup but eliminating exchange counterparty risk.
Responsible Gambling Tools for Ethereum Casino Players
Responsible gambling features on Ethereum casinos operate differently from traditional platforms due to blockchain’s irreversible nature. UKGC-licensed operators must offer deposit limits, loss limits, session timers, and reality checks regardless of payment method. These tools function identically whether you deposit in ETH or GBP, enforced at the account level rather than the transaction level.
Offshore Ethereum casinos face no mandatory responsible gambling requirements under Curacao law. However, major platforms voluntarily implement basic protections: Roobet offers self-exclusion from 24 hours to 6 months, Mystake provides deposit limits ranging from £10 to £5,000 daily, and 7bit includes mandatory reality checks every 60 minutes for sessions exceeding 2 hours.
How Do Session Timers and Reality Checks Work Under the Hood?
Session timers count your active playing time from the moment you place your first bet. UKGC regulations require licensed operators to display a pop-up reminder every 60 minutes of continuous play, showing your net wins or losses for that session. The timer resets only after 10 minutes of inactivity, preventing players from circumventing reality checks by briefly leaving the game.
The technical implementation involves server-side tracking rather than browser cookies. Your session duration updates with every bet placed, stored on the casino’s database alongside your wagering history. When the 60-minute threshold hits, the game client receives a pause command, displaying your session statistics before allowing continued play. This server-side approach prevents manipulation through browser refreshes or device changes.
What Cooling-Off Periods Apply to Ethereum Casino Accounts?
Cooling-off periods range from 24 hours to 6 weeks under UKGC rules. Players can activate a 24-hour cool-off instantly, which suspends all betting activity without closing the account. Extended cool-offs from 48 hours to 6 weeks require contacting customer support, with the period starting from the moment of activation confirmation.
Deposit-specific cooling-off applies to bonus activation: UKGC rules mandate a 24-hour window after claiming a bonus during which you can withdraw your deposit without wagering requirements. This protects impulsive decisions. Offshore platforms like Roobet offer voluntary cool-off periods but do not enforce the mandatory 24-hour bonus reflection window, allowing immediate bonus activation and wagering.
Where Can UK Players Seek Help With Gambling Problems?
GamCare operates the national helpline at 0808 8020 133, available 24/7 with trained advisors. The service provided free, confidential support to over 55,000 callers in 2025. GambleAware funds treatment services across England, Scotland, and Wales, with self-referral options available through the NHS National Problem Gambling Clinic for severe cases.
GAMSTOP, the national self-exclusion scheme, blocks access to all UKGC-licensed gambling sites for periods of 6 months, 1 year, or 5 years. Registration takes approximately 10 minutes online, and operators must remove excluded players from marketing databases within 48 hours. Since its 2018 launch, GAMSTOP has registered over 340,000 users, with 71% reporting reduced gambling activity after exclusion.
Ethereum Casino Payment Methods: Deposits and Withdrawals Explained
Depositing ETH to a casino involves three steps: acquiring Ethereum through an exchange, transferring to your personal wallet, and sending to the casino’s deposit address. Each step carries costs and time implications. Exchange purchase fees range from 0% to 3.5% depending on platform and payment method, with bank transfers cheapest and credit cards most expensive.
Withdrawal processes invert the deposit flow. Casinos send ETH from their operational wallet to your personal address, requiring you to provide a valid wallet address during the withdrawal request. Always test with a small transaction first, as sending ETH to an incorrect address results in permanent loss. Double-check wallet addresses character by character, as Ethereum addresses are case-sensitive in their checksums.
What Are the Minimum and Maximum Ethereum Casino Limits?
UKGC-licensed operators enforce minimum deposits of £10–£20 for Ethereum, consistent with fiat minimums. Maximum deposits cap at £10,000 per transaction for UK players under anti-money laundering rules. Offshore platforms accept minimums as low as £5 and maximums up to 10 ETH (approximately £22,000) without additional verification for Curacao-licensed operators.
Withdrawal limits vary more significantly. UK-licensed sites typically cap daily withdrawals at £5,000 and monthly withdrawals at £20,000, though higher limits apply for verified VIP players. Offshore platforms often impose weekly withdrawal caps of 5–10 ETH (£11,000–£22,000) for standard players, with higher tiers available through VIP progression or enhanced KYC verification.
How Do Exchange Rates Affect Ethereum Casino Balances?
Casinos display your balance in ETH but calculate game stakes in fiat equivalents. This creates exchange rate exposure: if ETH drops 10% during your session, your GBP-equivalent balance falls correspondingly. Casino operators convert ETH to fiat at the moment of each bet placement, using real-time rates from major exchanges like Binance or Coinbase.
Historical volatility matters: Ethereum’s price swung between £1,800 and £3,400 during 2025, a 47% range. Players depositing £2,000 in ETH could see their balance fluctuate by £300–£600 purely from exchange movements during a 3-hour session. Some offshore casinos offer USDT or USDC stablecoin alternatives, eliminating exchange rate risk while maintaining blockchain transaction benefits.
Which Ethereum Networks Do UK Casinos Support?
Mainnet remains the default for most UK-licensed operators, offering maximum security but higher gas fees. Polygon support has grown substantially, with 888 Casino and Casumo accepting MATIC-side ETH deposits processed in under 30 seconds with fees below £0.01. Arbitrum and Optimism support remains limited, with only offshore platforms like 7bit and NineWin offering these Layer-2 options.
Network choice affects both cost and speed. Mainnet transactions require 12 confirmations (2–3 minutes) and cost £1–£8 in gas fees during peak periods. Polygon transactions confirm in under 2 seconds with fees under £0.01, making them ideal for frequent small deposits. Always verify which network the casino supports before sending ETH; sending to the wrong network results in permanent fund loss.
How to Choose the Right Ethereum Casino for Your Playing Style
Selection criteria should prioritise regulatory protection, game variety, and withdrawal speed in that order. UKGC-licensed operators offer deposit protection, dispute resolution, and responsible gambling tools that offshore platforms cannot match. Within the licensed tier, evaluate game libraries: Bet365 leads for sports betting integration, PlayOJO for no-wagering bonuses, and LeoVegas for mobile optimisation.
For players prioritising Ethereum-specific features, offshore platforms offer superior crypto integration: instant withdrawals, provably fair games, and anonymous play below verification thresholds. The trade-off involves accepting Curacao regulation and its weaker consumer protections. A balanced approach uses UKGC-licensed casinos for regular play and reserves offshore platforms for specialised crypto features, maintaining separate bankrolls for each.
What Verification Documents Do Ethereum Casinos Require?
UKGC-licensed operators require full KYC verification within 72 hours of registration: government-issued ID (passport or driving licence), proof of address dated within 3 months (utility bill or bank statement), and source of funds documentation for deposits above £1,000. Verification typically completes within 24 hours, after which deposits and withdrawals process without additional checks.
Offshore platforms enforce tiered verification. Deposits below $2,000 require only email confirmation. Deposits between $2,000 and $10,000 trigger ID verification. Amounts above $10,000 require full KYC including proof of address and source of funds. Some platforms like Roobet allow anonymous play below $2,000 total deposits, appealing to privacy-focused players but limiting withdrawal amounts to $2,000 per transaction.
How Do Ethereum Casino Customer Support Teams Compare?
UKGC-licensed operators provide 24/7 live chat and email support with average response times under 2 minutes for chat and under 4 hours for email. Bet365’s support team handles crypto-specific queries through dedicated agents trained in blockchain transactions. PlayOJO offers callback support within 15 minutes during UK business hours, a feature unique among online casinos.
Offshore platforms offer similar channel availability but variable quality. Roobet’s support responds within 1 minute on average but outsources to multiple regions, occasionally causing language barriers. 7bit provides 24/7 support with average response times of 3 minutes for chat and 2 hours for email. Response quality for crypto-specific issues like failed transactions or network errors varies significantly between platforms.
Which Ethereum Casino Offers the Fastest Withdrawals in 2026?
Roobet processes Ethereum withdrawals in under 60 seconds during periods of normal network congestion, making it the fastest major platform. NineWin follows at 5–15 minutes, while Mystake averages 10–30 minutes. Among UKGC-licensed operators, PlayOJO leads with withdrawals up to 24 hours, though most process within 4 hours during business days.
Withdrawal speed depends on three factors: verification status, withdrawal amount, and network congestion. Fully verified players withdrawing below £2,000 receive priority processing on most platforms. Amounts above £10,000 trigger additional compliance checks, adding 24–72 hours regardless of casino. Network congestion during peak Ethereum usage can extend transaction times regardless of casino processing speed.
Frequently Asked Questions About Ethereum Casinos
This section addresses the most common questions British players ask about using Ethereum at online casinos. Answers reflect current regulations and market conditions as of January 2026.
Is It Legal to Use Ethereum at Online Casinos in the UK?
Yes, using Ethereum at UKGC-licensed casinos is legal. The Gambling Commission confirmed in 2024 guidance that licensed operators may accept cryptocurrency deposits, provided they conduct standard anti-money laundering checks. Players must be 18 or older and verify their identity. Using unlicensed offshore casinos occupies a legal grey area, as operators cannot target UK players but individuals face no prosecution for accessing them.
Do Ethereum Casino Winnings Need to Be Declared to HMRC?
Gambling winnings in the UK are not subject to income tax, including winnings from Ethereum casinos. However, converting ETH to GBP may trigger capital gains tax if your Ethereum’s value increased since purchase. The annual capital gains tax exemption stands at £3,000 for the 2025/26 tax year. Profits above this threshold from crypto-to-fiat conversions require reporting through self-assessment.
Can I Use Ethereum for Live Dealer Casino Games?
Yes, most Ethereum casinos support live dealer games from Evolution, Playtech, and Pragmatic Play. UKGC-licensed operators allow ETH deposits to fund live dealer play, though some bonuses exclude live games from wagering contribution. Offshore platforms offer broader live dealer selections with ETH wagering, including exclusive crypto tables with higher betting limits up to £10,000 per hand.
What Happens If I Send Ethereum to the Wrong Casino Address?
Transactions to incorrect addresses are irreversible on the Ethereum blockchain. If you send ETH to a wrong address, the funds cannot be recovered unless the address owner returns them voluntarily. Casinos cannot reverse blockchain transactions. Always verify addresses character-by-character and send a small test amount before processing large deposits.
Are Ethereum Casino Games Provably Fair?
Not all of them. UKGC-licensed operators use certified random number generators audited by third parties like eCOGRA, but these games do not offer player-side verification. Offshore platforms increasingly offer provably fair games from providers like Hacksaw Gaming and Betsoft, allowing cryptographic verification of each round’s outcome. Check each game’s information page for provably fair indicators before playing.
Responsible gambling remains paramount regardless of payment method. UK players should set deposit limits before playing, use session timers, and never gamble more than they can afford to lose. The national helpline GamCare provides free support at 0808 8020 133, and GAMSTOP offers self-exclusion from all UKGC-licensed sites. Ethereum casinos offer innovative payment options, but the same responsible gambling principles apply as with any form of betting, and players must be 18 or older to gamble legally in the United Kingdom.